Elevated blood glucose levels gradually damage blood vessels and nerves and can lead to numerous complications. Keeping glucose within the normal range is based on proper nutrition, regular physical activity, education, and, if necessary, medication. However, the role of micronutrients in the prevention and support of diabetes therapy is increasingly being explored. Oxidative stress and free radicals further impair the function of cells and insulin, which is where vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants play a crucial role.
People with diabetes often experience increased production of free radicals, which can damage cells and tissues. Excessive free radicals cause oxidative stress, contributing to the development of diabetes-related complications. Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and alpha-lipoic acid help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage, positively impacting blood vessel endothelial function — especially important for people with diabetes.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that the body cannot produce on its own, so it must be obtained through food or dietary supplements. Its antioxidant properties help protect cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. In people with insulin resistance or diabetes, vitamin C helps regulate blood sugar levels, lowers blood pressure, and supports wound healing — including diabetic ulcers. The recommended daily dose ranges from 500 to 1000 mg, but it should be adjusted to individual health needs.
Vitamin E also has strong antioxidant properties. It is found in nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E supplements may help lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce insulin requirements. They also positively affect blood vessel health and reduce inflammation.
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant naturally produced by the body in small amounts and can also be obtained from foods like red meat, spinach, and tomatoes, or in supplement form. ALA participates in energy production, supports the breakdown of glucose and fatty acids, and is known to enhance glucose uptake in cells and increase their sensitivity to insulin. It also protects pancreatic beta cells and alleviates symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, including pain and tingling in the hands and feet. While beneficial, ALA may cause side effects in some individuals, so the dosage should be personalized.
Vitamin D plays an important role in bone, muscle, and immune health. People with diabetes often have a deficiency, which can worsen blood sugar control. Adequate vitamin D levels can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and support pancreatic beta-cell function. Regular monitoring of vitamin D status and timely supplementation can help regulate glycemia.
Magnesium is involved in many metabolic processes, including insulin action and glucose metabolism. Magnesium deficiency in people with diabetes may impair blood sugar control, while supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation.
Zinc is important for the synthesis and secretion of insulin and for protecting cells from oxidative damage. People with diabetes often have low zinc levels, which can disrupt metabolic balance. Additional intake may help regulate glucose levels and prevent complications.
Chromium helps insulin more effectively transport glucose from the blood into the cells. Chromium supplementation may increase insulin sensitivity and contribute to more stable glycemic control.
Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. In people with diabetes, they may help lower triglycerides, improve insulin sensitivity, and protect blood vessels. If fish is not consumed at least twice a week, supplements with EPA and DHA are recommended.
B vitamins are essential for carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system function, and glucose regulation. Deficiencies in vitamins B1, B6, B12, and folic acid are common in people with diabetes, especially those taking metformin or experiencing neuropathy. Supplementation may help preserve nervous system function and improve metabolic control.
In conclusion, targeted supplementation can play an important role in supporting diabetes treatment — especially when used under professional guidance and as part of an individualized approach.
Author: Prim. Dr. Manja Prašek
